= final examination topics: MA, English: English Phonetics, Phonology, Morphophonology

== topics

#    Phonetics of English: The speech organs and their role in the articulation of English sounds. Classification of sounds on an articulatory basis.
#    Phonological classification of sounds: Natural classes, opposition, features, neutralization, alternation.
#    Accents of English: A comparison of two phonological phenomena in two or more accents of English.
#    Structuralist phonology: The taxonomic model and its shortcomings. Problems with the phonemehood of the velar nasal.
#    Classical generative phonology: The SPE model. Underlying vs. surface forms. Rule formalism. Treatment of vowel shift and velar softening in this framework. The “powerfulness” vs. “naturalness” controversy.
#    Current phonological theory: Post-SPE models: lexical, autosegmental, government phonology, optimality theory. Treatment of an English phenomenon in one of these frameworks (chosen by the candidate).
#    The English vowel system: Underlying elements (“phonemes”). Vocalic contrasts. The problem of “vowel shift”. Quantity or quality (tenseness or length)?
#    The English syllable: Its status in phonology. Its buildup. Syllabification, ambisyllabicity. Sonority. Phonotactics: restrictions on onsets and codas, peaks and rhymes.
#    English word stress: Stress assignment rules, their relation to morphology and syntactic function (word class). Degrees of stress within the word. Vowel reduction.
#    English compound stress and phrasal stress: Distinction of compound and phrase. Prosodic hierarchy. The treatment of stress in linear (SPE) and metrical phonology.
#    English intonation: Tonality, tonicity, tone. Pitch contours. Neutral vs. nonneutral, focusing, emphasis, contrast. Relationship with syntax.
#    The relationship of morphology and phonology: The “common underlier” problem. Irregularity and suppletivism. Free and bound. Lexical storage vs. productive formation, the phonological visibility of morphological domains.

== suggested readings

*    Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.
*    Durand, Jacques. 1990. Generative and Nonlinear Phonology. Harlow: Longman.
*    Ewen, Colin J. and Harry van der Hulst. 2001. The Phonological Structure of Words. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*    Gimson, Alfred C. 1980. An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English (3rd ed.). London: Edward Arnold.
*    Harris, John. 1994. English Sound Structure. Oxford: Blackwell.
*    Kager, René. 1999. Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*    Ladefoged, Peter. A course in phonetics. Orlando: Harcourt Brace. (2nd ed. 1982, 3rd ed. 1993, 4th ed. 2001, 5th ed. Boston: Thomson/Wadsworth 2006.)
*    Lass, Roger. 1984. Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*    Spencer, Andrew. 1991. Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
*    Wells, John C. 2006. English Intonation: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.