questions for topic 2

(move the pointer below the question to see the answer)

1. What is the common name of palatal and velar vowels?
   front and back vowels
2. How many degrees of vowel height did Daniel Jones (arbitrarily) set up?
   four
3. How is vowel frontness and backness related to lip rounding?
   front vowels are unrounded, back vowels rounded in the default case
4. What are cardinal vowels?
   eight arbitrarily selected vowels that may be used as reference points for defining vowels of a given language
5. What is the difference between primary and secondary cardinal vowels?
   front primary cardinal vowels are unrounded, back primary cardinal vowels are rounded (as per the default), secondary cardinal vowels are the rounded and unrounded counterparts of primary cardinal vowels (except that the low back primary [ɑ] is unrounded and it secondary counterpart, [ɒ], is rounded)
6. What is the difference between [a] and [ɑ]?
   [a] is a front vowel, [ɑ] is a back vowel
7. What are the four primary cardinal vowels in the corners of the Jones vowel chart?
   [i], [a], [ɑ], and [u]
8. Which vowel is in the middle of the vowel chart?
   [ə], that is, schwa
9. What is the difference between tense and lax vowels?
   a tense vowel is higher and fronter if front or backer if back than its lax counterpart
10. What acoustic properties characterize high vowels?
    their F1 (first formant) is relatively low
11. What vowels have low F2?
    back vowels
12. How is the vowel chart based on the acoustic properties of vowels different from that based on the articulatory properties of vowels?
    the acoustic chart is triangular, the articulatory chart is quadrangular
13. Which variety of English has r-coloured vowels?
    (General) American
14. Which variety of English has vowel length contrasts?
    standard British English
15. Which type of diphthong is common in English?
    closing and falling diphthongs, like [ei̯], [au̯]

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